Dan Olinger

Moses, Part 5: Deliverance

October 22, 2026 by Dan Olinger Leave a Comment

Part 1: Youth | Part 2: Exile | Part 3: Call | Part 4: Confrontation

God’s confrontation with, and defeat of the gods of, Pharaoh is now complete. The Sun-god Ra has been darkened, and the darkness of death hangs over every Egyptian house, including Pharaoh’s.

It’s time for God’s people, Israel, to be delivered from slavery and into their own land, with their own vines and their own fig trees.

God’s promises are so sure that he begins, not by delivering them, but by giving them a holiday by which to commemorate that deliverance–before it happens. And they will continue to commemorate it to this very day (Ex 12.42).

It’s springtime. God designates this month, Nisan, as the first month of their religious year (Ex 12.2). It will embrace a day, in the middle of the month, designed to remind Israel forever of what’s about to happen. Each family will select a perfect lamb–poor people can select a less expensive animal–and inspect it for a time to guarantee its perfection. Then they will sacrifice it and scatter its blood on their doorframes (Ex 12.7) as a symbol of vicarious death and redemption. And they will gather as family and eat the lamb together, with “bitter herbs” (Ex 12.8)–today that’s horseradish–as a symbol of suffering accompanied by provision.

They eat with their traveling clothes on (Ex 12.11) to symbolize the fact that they’re leaving; perhaps that fact is also why they burn whatever they can’t eat (Ex 12.10).

This night the angel of the Lord–I believe the preincarnate Christ–will pass through Egypt, in the middle of the night in the middle of this month, to kill the firstborn of every house–except those with the lamb’s blood on their doorframes. He will pass over those (Ex 12.13).

In the years to come, this special day will follow a week of anticipation, during which they will eat only unleavened bread, another symbol of haste (Ex 12.15): no time to let the dough rise. There will be two days of no work, to commemorate the ending of the hard labor of slavery (Ex 12.16).

And so it is done (Ex 12.28-30).

Pharaoh, ever vacillating, orders Moses and his people out of the country (Ex 12.31). They gather what possessions they can carry, along with riches surprisingly bestowed on them by their Egyptian neighbors (Ex 12.35-36), and they head east, toward the Red Sea. And the presence of God, in the form of a hovering glorious light, goes with them (Ex 13.21-22).

A word about that light. I’m of the opinion that it was the same manifestation all the time; in the daytime the bright light looked like a cloud, while in the darkness of night it looked like fire. The cloud would obscure vision; people couldn’t see through it to the other side. So it’s described as “darkness” (Ex 14.20), meaning zero visibility. In the Jewish mind, heavy fog is darkness because it obscures vision. We would call fog bright, not dark.

Pharaoh, the ever-vacillating one, changes his mind yet again (Ex 14.5); deliverance is not yet complete. The Egyptian army pursues the Israelite pilgrims (Ex 14.7-9). The Israelites, seeing the pursuing army, turn on Moses, questioning his judgment (Ex 14.10-12). Pharaoh isn’t the only one who vacillates–and this won’t be the last time.

God tells Moses what to do, and Moses, in faith, believes the impossible (Ex 14.15-18). The sea parts, and Moses leads Israel into the valley between the walls of water. Israel, too, has faith, though inconsistently. Once Israel’s through, and Pharaoh’s army is pursuing them, Moses recalls the waters, and the army is destroyed (Ex 14.27-28).

Finally, deliverance.

There’s a story on social media about the alleged discovery of chariot wheels at the bottom of the Red Sea. It bears every evidence of being bogus; the people and institutions named in the account do not match what it says about them. God’s people don’t need such evidence, though God does occasionally give it.

This is worth celebrating. Moses, the poet, leads Israel in a song of celebration (Ex 15.1-19), as does his older sister, Miriam (Ex 15.20-21).

Thus climaxes the deliverance of Israel from Egypt, closing the third phase of Moses’ life. All of this, though, is just prologue to what’s just around the corner. God has demonstrated his irresistible power and faithfulness to his people in a way that is still celebrated by Israelites around the world today. Moses’ flock of Israelites will need that assurance as the proceed.

Photo by Mick Haupt on Unsplash

Moses, Part 4: Confrontation

October 19, 2026 by Dan Olinger Leave a Comment

Part 1: Youth | Part 2: Exile | Part 3: Call

God has overcome all of Moses’ many excuses. It’s time now for the confrontation, the first stage of Moses’ public ministry. God describes his coming confrontation with Pharaoh, the most powerful ruler in the world, and Pharaoh’s consequent resistance (Ex 4.21-23).

We all know the story of the plagues. Since this is a theological biography, I’m not going to work through the details; I’d like to focus on two items of particular theological significance.

First, the plagues constitute a visible attack on, and defeat of, the many gods of Egypt. The first, turning the Nile into a source of death rather than life, is probably the most obvious. Several others are attacks on the fertility gods, destroying crops in various ways. The next to last, darkness, directly confronts Ra, the sun god, for whom the several Ramses (“drawn out from Ra”) are named. And the last plague, of course, is a direct attack on Pharaoh himself, and the next Pharaoh, who is cut off even before he can accede to the throne.

This God is far superior to all the gods of Egypt. Pharaoh should recognize that he is powerless before a God that he does not know.

The second key theological idea is how Pharaoh responds to all this. The logical response would be humble repentance and recognition of the true God. But autocrats typically can’t find humility and confession in their hearts, no matter how deep they search. Their reflex is to double down, and eventually, when they recognize their defeat, to bluster.

And that raises the issue of the hardening of Pharaoh’s heart.

Soon after God’s conversation with Moses at the burning bush, he predicts how this will turn out (Ex 4.21). Pharaoh will not be cooperative. And, God says, “I will harden his heart.” He says this again later (Ex 7.3), and then he does it (Ex 7.13) and announces that it is done (Ex 7.14).

Is God being unfair to poor old Pharaoh, hardening his heart from the outside, without giving him a chance to show his unmanipulated thoughts?

Not at all.

God, unlike the River or the Sun, knows all things, and he knows whom he’s dealing with. Pharaoh is powerful and proud, and he has defeated the gods of every people he’s attacked. He was never going to listen to the God of these slaves, even from the beginning; he has already demonstrated that (Ex 5.1-2). And sure enough, throughout the series of plagues, he hardens his own heart repeatedly (Ex 8.15, 32; 9.34). This is who he is and who he chooses to be.

So God gives him what he wants. Like a martial artist or a chess (infinitely) grand master, he uses this opponent’s moves against him, continuing to harden his heart for him throughout the process (Ex 9.12; 10.1, 20, 27; 11.10) and even after the plagues are over (Ex 14.4, 8, 17).

Of course the omnipotent God could be a bully, if that were consistent with his nature.

But it’s not. And he doesn’t need to be a bully; he accomplishes his perfect will perfectly justly and even graciously, freely giving Pharaoh the breath he uses to curse this unfamiliar God and allowing him to act in feckless opposition to him.

God keeps his promises; he will deliver his people from slavery and restore them to the Land of Promise.

He is just, even with his enemies, and he is good.

Next time: deliverance.

Photo by Mick Haupt on Unsplash

Moses, Part 3: Call

October 15, 2026 by Dan Olinger Leave a Comment

Part 1: Youth | Part 2: Exile

Moses is now 80 years old, or approaching that age (Ex 7.7).

Wow. What has happened during all that time?

Doesn’t matter. Moses, narrating his own story, has chosen to cover the first two-thirds of his life in just one chapter, and not all of the chapter at that. But now our narrative slows dramatically.

This phase starts with God’s call of Moses into his service. Chapter 2 ends with a paragraph describing God in very human terms: a new Pharaoh initiates bondage for the Israelites (Ex 2.23); God hears their cry and remembers his covenant with Abraham (Ex 2.24); and he notices and is moved in response (Ex 2.25).

Chapter 3 begins with God acting on what he has seen; he seeks out Moses, who is now well settled in to the family business (Ex 3.1). We learn that Reuel, his father-in-law, has another name, Jethro–and that he is a priest. Given his later interactions with Moses, I’m inclined to think he a priest of the true God, as Melchizedek was in Abraham’s time. With Jethro, as with Melchizedek, we don’t know how that came to be. By some sort of revelation, certainly.

Moses is tending the flock on “the back side of the desert” (Ex 3.1 KJV). Modern readers think this means that he was way out in the boonies. He certainly was, but that’s not what the phrase means. Biblical directions face east, where the sun rises; north is on the left, south is on the right, east is in front, and west is behind. So the “back side” would be the west side–which is right where Midian is. So there’s no new information here.

Now, at Horeb, the angel of God appears to him. This is Mount Sinai, where the Mosaic Covenant will later be executed (Ex 3.12). The traditional site of Sinai is on the Sinai Peninsula. This means that Moses traveled a ways with the flock. There are some who believe that Sinai was in Midian; there are evidences to make that attractive, but it does seem odd that Mount Sinai wouldn’t be on the peninsula for which it’s named. I remain steadfastly uncommitted.

The angel appears in an unusual way: as fire in a bush, fire that is not consuming its fuel (Ex 3.2). As Moses approaches, God himself speaks from the bush (Ex 3.4). Is this angel (“messenger”) of God also God? That’s a big question, but I believe “the angel of YHWH” is a preincarnate embodiment of the Son.

And so he speaks.

His first statement identifies him and calls Moses to worship (Ex 3.5). Then, as further self-identification, he states that he is the God of Abraham’s Covenant (Ex 3.6). God tells Moses his name: “I am that I am” (Ex 3.14). The Hebrew verb “I am” is “ehyeh.” The verb “he is” is “yehyeh.” Changing the third letter in that latter verb yields YHWH, the personal name of God, which has been used repeatedly in Moses’ account since Genesis 2.4. In fact, Moses’ mother’s name, J[eh]ochebed, is based on that name. This is the covenant name, the personal name. It was as YHWH that God promised Abraham the Land. And now it is YHWH who will fulfill that promise.

Moses can’t possibly have missed that connection, either at the time or (perhaps) decades later when he wrote the Torah.

After identification comes the call to mission. It’s time to make the Promised Land Israel’s home (Ex 3.8). Now, in response to their cries and his investigation (Ex 3.9), he is appointing Moses to be his agent of deliverance (Ex 3.10).

Moses’ response may seem puzzling. He grew up in Pharaoh’s household; he knows the culture intimately (Ac 7.22). But then, that was 40 years ago, and we all feel distant from situations we left that long ago. At best, he’s rusty, and there may well now be social and cultural changes that he’s unfamiliar with. Further, if this is the same Pharaoh, they did not part on good terms, and if it’s a later one, they might not even be acquainted. And over the past 40 years, he’s been a shepherd, not a court functionary.

So he resists. Repeatedly.

“I’m nobody.” “I’ll be with you” (Ex 3.11-12).

“The Israelites don’t know me.” “Tell them you’re my agent, and they will hear you. And I guarantee your success” (Ex 3.13-22).

“They won’t either listen to me!” “I’ll empower you in ways that they will find convincing” (Ex 4.1-9).

“I’m a lousy public speaker.” “I can take care of that” (Ex 4.10-12).

“Send somebody else.” “I’ll let Aaron be your spokesman. Now stop this foolishness, and let’s get busy” (Ex 4.13-17).

And off he goes (Ex 4.18-23).

Next time: confrontation.

Photo by Mick Haupt on Unsplash

Moses, Part 2: Exile

October 12, 2026 by Dan Olinger Leave a Comment

Part 1: Youth

The boy Moses, prince of Egypt, has great advantages growing up in the royal family. But as he is commencing his adulthood, he displays a virtue marred by a character flaw.

He knows, of course, that he is a Hebrew; his adoptive mother knew that from the beginning (Ex 2.6), and it seems unlikely that she would never have told him. Further, this assumption helps explain his actions in this episode.

He goes out to see “his brethren” (Ex 2.11), and he sees one of them being abused by an Egyptian taskmaster. His response is immediate: he kills the Egyptian (Ex 2.12).

That’s interesting, first because the taskmaster is likely physically fit and carrying some sort of weapon. Moses was thus probably highly fit and skilled in physical combat.

But he’s also not good at controlling his temper.

That may have been a consequence of his privileged upbringing, or it may have been a natural inclination. But given the consequences of his action–effectively expulsion from the royal family–it indicates a serious lack of self-control.

Now, Moses is writing this account; it is genuinely an autobiography, a retrospective. As he writes, he knows how his life is going to play out, particularly in the ways God is going to work with him. By the fourth of the five books that make up this story, Moses is going to be identified as “very meek, above all the men which were upon the face of the earth” (Num 12.3). Now, there’s an active discussion about whether Moses himself wrote this sentence, or it was added by a later editor, but that’s beside the point. Meekness is self-control; and this man, who started out by murdering an Egyptian in anger, is eventually going to be very different. God will do that, and he will do it through hard, hard times (Ro 5.3-5).

We begin by anticipating the end.

What’s next? Well, his rage brings consequences. Despite his care to ensure that there were no witnesses (Ex 2.12), there were, and he finds that out immediately. The very next day an Israelite makes it clear that he knows about the murder (Ex 2.14). Either he saw it happen, or word has gotten around. It’s easy to imagine that the Israelites, deep in hard bondage, would spread the story of an apparent defender, particularly a highly placed one.

Pharaoh seeks to kill Moses (Ex 2.15). That seems puzzling, given Moses’ family standing; wouldn’t he be protected from the consequences of killing a mere functionary? We could speculate, but the upshot is that he has to run for his life (Ex 2.15).

He runs to Midian. This area is in what is now extreme northwest Saudi Arabia, just beyond the Sinai Peninsula and the Gulf of Aqaba. It’s generally desert, badlands, a reasonably nearby place to disappear into.

There are people there, but the environment means that they’ll probably be bedouins, caring for sheep and goats, which can find food in the most desolate places, and moving them as necessary to keep body and soul together.

But Moses comes across a family that has settled down by a well (Ex 2.15-16): once you find water in a place like that, you tend to stick around. This family consists of seven sisters who are doing the hard work of watering the flock from the well. Moses, the man who had just recently killed an Egyptian for abusing workers, now sees competing shepherds harassing these women, making their task even more diffcult.

By nature he’s a deliverer. He steps up (Ex 2.17).

The girls head home early because of Moses’ help, and Dad asks how they finished so quickly (Ex 2.18). They tell him the story (Ex 2.19), and he asks why they let their deliverer get away (Ex 2.20).

In our culture we find humor in this; a father of seven daughters rebukes them for letting a chivalrous man escape their clutches.

I think that’s eisegesis, reading our culture into a very different one.

The Middle East was then, and is even today, a place where hospitality is expected and aggressively practiced. If this man is a stranger–not from around here–then he needs food and shelter. Dad thinks, “We shouldn’t have let him go without offering him what he needs.”

So Dad, whose name is Reuel, not only offers him the needs of the day but invites him for a longer stay (Ex 2.21). Sure, Moses eventually marries his daughter Zipporah, but that seems a natural consequence rather than a manipulated outcome.

They have a son and name him Gershom (“a foreigner there”).

This former prince, now a shepherd in the family business of his in-laws, is about to embark on the career of a lifetime.

Photo by Mick Haupt on Unsplash

Moses, Part 1: Youth

October 8, 2026 by Dan Olinger Leave a Comment

We can approach the organization of the Old Testament in multiple ways. I’ve noted before that the sections of the Hebrew Canon–the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings–seem to be organized around the offices of the coming Messiah–Priest, Prophet, and King.

Another way to approach it is to focus on the covenants. There are six most commonly recognized. The first, the Adamic, involves not eating from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil (Ge 2.17). Adam broke that covenant, as we know, and apparently fairly quickly. The second, the Noahic, is God’s promise that he would never again destroy the earth with a global flood (Ge 9.8-17). The rainbow is the ongoing sign of that covenant, which God of course has kept.

The next three covenants are stages in the life of Israel: the Abrahamic, the Mosaic, and the Davidic. And the final covenant is called simply the New Covenant, which is predicted in Jeremiah (Jer 31.31-34) and initiated by Jesus at the Last Supper (Lk 22.20).

We’ve just completed a look at the Abrahamic Covenant, with its threefold promise of a large biological family, a homeland, and universal blessing through his “seed” (singular). We turn now to Moses and the covenant that God made with him and the Israelites. Its focus is on elevating the status of Israel from a family to a formal nation. This incorporation happens at Sinai.

I’d like to look at his life in six stages: his youth in Egypt, his exile in Midian, the Exodus event, the Sinai event, the 40 years of wilderness wandering, and his death.

You may recall our earlier observation that when a narrative slows down–goes into more detail–the narrator sees that portion as particularly important. Moses’ youth and exile move along quickly; the Exodus moves more slowly; and the Sinai event and the wanderings are recounted in great detail. Moses’ death, by contrast, is just a paragraph.

So we’ll spend most of our time on Sinai and the wanderings–but even that will need to move right along in this blog format.

Let’s begin with Moses’ youth.

We all know the story. Israel has prospered in Egypt (Ex 1.7), originally under Joseph’s protection. But times change, and eventually a Pharaoh arrives “who [knows] not Joseph” (Ex 1.8). He sees this large foreign populace as a potential threat and seeks to prevent any possibility of an armed uprising (Ex 1.9-10) by just killing all the boys. That seems unreasonably harsh to us, but in those days such a policy was not all that rare.

God providentially delivers one particular boy baby through the deception of the midwives (Ex 1.15-21), the dedication of his mother (Ex 2.2-3), and the craftiness of his older sister (Ex 2.4-9). He is not only allowed to live, but he lives under the sponsorship of Pharaoh’s daughter (Ex 2.10), with access to all the advantages of a member of the royal family.

Aside from divine providence, this outcome is simply not believable. How likely is it that a dictator who would order the death of all Israelite male babies would accept at face value the midwives’ story–and wouldn’t react to it by sending soldiers to kill the babies that they had allowed to live? We see something similar happen centuries later (Mt 2.16).

How likely is it that Moses’ mother (we learn later [Ex 6.20; Num 26.59] that her name is Jochebed, meaning “YHWH is glorious”) would be “not afraid of the king’s commandment” (He 11.23) and then would set her precious baby boy adrift in the Nile? and at the precise spot where Pharaoh’s daughter would come to bathe? How likely is it that the princess, recognizing the boy’s race (Ex 2.6) and knowing that her father had ordered all like him to be killed, would raise him as her own son–and that no one in the royal family would notice and react harshly?

Not likely at all, especially in combination. (Math works that way.)

God unfailingly accomplishes his will and attains his purposes. “Thy will be done” is not a prayer that requires much faith.

Centuries later, in the sermon that got him killed, Stephen preached that “Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was mighty in words and in deeds” (Ac 7.22). God has providentially prepared this man, from infancy, to fulfill the astonishing role that lies ahead.

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Abraham, Part 13: Continuation

October 5, 2026 by Dan Olinger Leave a Comment

We are now winding down the life of Abraham. Moses, our narrator, relates several events that speak to the continuation of the Abrahamic Covenant after its namesake’s death.

Sarah dies (Ge 23.2), and Abraham purchases a burial cave from a local Hittite (“son of Heth”) (Ge 23.3-18) and buries her. Here the account is again drawn out–the entire conversation is reported–indicating that this is a significant event. The significance is twofold: first, it indicates that Abraham intends to reside permanently in Canaan, in recognition of God’s promise to him; it is one more evidence of his faith. We will learn later in Genesis that several generations of Abraham’s descendants are to be buried in the same cave, indicating that the cave itself is of sufficient size to accommodate long-term local residency. Second, it indicates the Canaanites’ respect for Abraham and their recognition of his right to establish that residency. This is evidence of God’s work on his behalf, and it helps establish the appropriateness of his descendants’ broader claim to the land.

The second event is also highly significant. In this longest chapter in Genesis, Abraham arranges for a wife for the covenant son, Isaac, who is now 40 years old (Ge 25.20), which would make Abraham 140 (Ge 21.5). Despite the indication of Abraham’s friendly relations with the Canaanites, Abraham is careful to demand that the wife come from his own people, not the idol-worshipers (Ge 24.2-4). His servant (perhaps Eliezer of Damascus? Ge 15.2), anticipating a possible complication, asks whether it would be possible to take Isaac along (Ge 24.5); Abraham strictly forbids it (Ge 24.6)–again an evidence of his faith and conviction regarding the Lord’s covenant (Ge 24.7). The servant promises and heads out (Ge 24.8-9) on a nearly 500-mile journey, which would have taken a couple of months.

Moses relates the details of what follows, clearly meaning to demonstrate the Lord’s providential working. The Faithlife Study Bible notes that this is “the first person in the Bible to pray for divine guidance. God answers his request before he finishes speaking.” God answers his prayer (Ge 24.12-13), a prayer designed to identify a woman of character. (A camel can drink up to 25 gallons, and the servant had 10 of them [Ge 24.10]). The woman is Abraham’s relative–in fact, the very woman that God has chosen (Ge 24.15-21). The servant introduces himself (Ge 24.22-23), meets the family (Ge 24.24-30), and finds a warm reception (Ge 24.31-33). He then presents his mission (Ge 24.34-49), recounting in great detail all that has happened previously. The family is perfectly receptive (Ge 24.50-54), even acceding to the servant’s request that they return immediately (Ge 24.55-57)–with Rebekah’s agreement and their blessing (Ge 24.58-60).

The account ends with the wedding (Ge 24.67).

Then follows an account of Abraham’s other descendants (Ge 25.1-4), with emphasis on Isaac’s unique standing (Ge 25.5-6).

And Abraham dies (Ge 25.7), having seen the beginning of the fulfillment of God’s promises: he has a growing list of descendants (Ge 15.5; 22.17), and he has locally recognized legal ownership of property in the land (Ge 15.7). He almost certainly has little to no comprehension of the way in which, by his seed (singular), all nations of the earth will be blessed (Ge 12.3). But he is full, and he is faithful, and he is content.

What’s next? I’ve been planning to write a series on the recipients of the three major covenants, who lived every 500 years from 2000 BC to 1000 BC: Abraham, Moses, and David. We’ll turn to Moses next time.

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Abraham, Part 12: Preservation

October 1, 2026 by Dan Olinger Leave a Comment

And now for the test of a lifetime.

Sceptics think they find a contradiction here, in that “God tempted Abraham” (Ge 22.1), since James tells us that God doesn’t tempt anyone (Jam 1.13). But such a charge amounts to an admission of ignorance, since human language is more complex than that: words have multiple meanings, and context makes clear that James speaks of temptation to sin, while Moses here speaks of testing or trial.

But that still raises a question: the angel of God will soon say, “Now I know that you fear God” (Ge 22.12). Didn’t he know that before? Then why the test?

That’s a legitimate question. I think it’s pretty clear that God is anthropomorphizing, speaking in human terms for the sake of our understanding. Of course God knew what Abraham would do. But he wanted Abraham–and us–to know as well. Hence the test.

And this is how it proceeds. With no explanation or even preparation, God tells Abraham to take Isaac, the covenant son, and offer him as a burnt offering on a distant mountain (Ge 22.2). If Abraham protested–I find it hard to believe he didn’t–there is no record of further conversation. He gets up early the next morning, chops some wood, and off they go (Ge 22.3).

It’s a three-day journey to the mountain in the land of Moriah (Ge 22.4). He leaves his servants at the foot of the mountain with the animal (Ge 22.5)–remarking that both of them will return–and has Isaac carry up the slope the wood for his own sacrificial fire (Ge 22.6).

It’s clear that Abraham hasn’t discussed all this with his son. Isaac has questions. A burnt offering involves an animal; why haven’t they brought one (Ge 22.7)?

Abraham says that God will provide the sacrificial animal (Ge 22.8). Here most of the modern versions say that God will provide it “for himself,” which properly reflects the Hebrew. The KJV says, “God will provide himself a lamb.” The omission of the Hebrew preposition there has allowed some interpreters to read the sentence as “God will provide himself [as] a lamb,” thereby anticipating Christ’s death on the cross. However, the Hebrew does not allow this reading.

The author of Hebrews tells us what Abraham was thinking–that he was going to kill Isaac, and that God was going to bring him back from the dead (He 11.19). He was determined to obey, and he was equally determined that God would not break his covenant promises.

Thus when Abraham tells Isaac that God would provide a lamb, he is not anticipating what actually happened; he is still shielding his son from the reality of what lay ahead.

We all know what happened. It soon became clear to Isaac that he was the lamb, and he apparently did not resist the outcome (Ge 22.9). Isaac was apparently plenty old enough to resist his aging father; Josephus places him at age 25, and another Jewish tradition places him at 37.

As Abraham was within a second of delivering the fatal thrust (Ge 22.10), the angel of God stopped him, explained the reason for the apparently insane request, and offered an alternative animal (Ge 22.11-13)–what Abraham had predicted, but not what he had expected.

Abraham names the place YHWH-yireh, “YHWH sees” (Ge 22.14). Without the patriarch’s realizing it, YHWH compares Abraham to Himself, one who offers his only Son (Ge 22.16). In his last recorded words to Abraham, God repeats the covenant promises, intensifying them by verbal repetition: “I will certainly bless you, and I will certainly multiply your offspring” (Ge 22.16-17). And all nations of the earth will indeed be blessed, when God offers his own Son as the sacrifice for sin (Ge 22.18)–incidentally, on the same mountain.

And then they all go home (Ge 22.19).

What’s next? Moses includes a little genealogical information to prepare for God’s next faithful step: providing a wife for the living Isaac (Ge 22.23).

Part 13: Continuation

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Abraham, Part 11: Fulfillment

September 28, 2026 by Dan Olinger Leave a Comment

It’s time.

It’s time for a key element of God’s covenant with Abraham to be fulfilled. It’s time for the aged Abraham, and the aged Sarah, his wife, to have a son.

In the way this faithful God had promised, and at the time he had promised, the child is born (Ge 21.1-2). Nothing is too hard for the Lord (Ge 18.14), even 25 years after the initial promise (Ge 12.2). In obedience to God’s instruction (Ge 17.19), Abraham names him Isaac: “he laughs.” This is a reference to Sarah’s earlier laughter of disbelief (Ge 18.12), but with added meaning; disbelief has now turned to joy (Ge 21.6) at the miracle worked in her (Ge 21.7).

The narrative now turns to two events that necessarily follow from this significant development. First, after Isaac is weaned (probably at age 2 or 3) the existing conflict between Sarah and Hagar grows when Sarah sees Ishmael, now 16 or 17 years old (Ge 16.16; 21.5), “mocking” (Ge 21.9 KJV NASB; ESV “laughing”; NKJV “scoffing”) the baby. Ironically, this is the verb form of Isaac’s name; Ishmael is apparently playing with the child, probably teasing him. Paul later describes Ishmael’s action as “persecution” (Ga 4.29). Sarah will not stand for this.

So she orders her husband to expel the boy and his mother from her house (Ge 21.10).

Abram is troubled (Ge 21.11), and he should be; this directly violates the regional culture. We’ve noted earlier that the Nuzi texts and Hammurabi’s Code imposed on a barren wife the responsibility to provide a fertile substitute; the same texts explicitly state that the resulting child (Ishmael, in this case) may not be expelled from the home.

But Sarah is insistent. God takes the cultural pressure off Abraham (Ge 21.12) by telling him that the expulsion is acceptable and that his blessing will be upon Ishmael as well (Ge 21.13). Abraham provisions Hagar–meagerly–and sends the two off. When the provisions run out, as Abraham had to know they would, the angel of the Lord comes once again to the despairing mother–hearing Ishmael’s cries (Ge 21.17)–and provides for them (Ge 21.15-19). (Ishmael’s name, incidentally, means “God hears.”)

The event ends with a summary (Ge 21.20-21) that indicates that God keeps his promise to bless Ishmael as well. Ishmael will become a skilled archer (Ge 21.20) and therefore able to provide for himself. Centuries later the descendants of his son Kedar (Ge 25.13) will be noted for their skill with a bow (Is 21.17).

Now God has cleared the field for Isaac, the covenant son. Paul will make a point of this (Ga 4.30). The plan continues.

The second event that follows from Isaac’s birth returns us to Abraham’s old friend Abimelech, king of Gerar. When we last saw him, he was being generous to Abraham in an apparent effort to form an alliance with this man that he saw being blessed by God. Now he returns (Ge 21.22) and makes his intentions explicit (Ge 21.23). Abraham, seeing the obvious benefit in the relationship, agrees (Ge 21.24). We have every reason to think this was wise; though Abimelech (or his son) will later come into conflict with Isaac (Ge 26.8ff), that conflict is Isaac’s responsibility (Ge 26.9-10)–and he apparently learned it from his father (Ge 20.2ff).

As soon as Abraham has agreed to Abimelech’s proposal, he tests Abimelech’s good faith. Abimelech’s servants had seized one of Abraham’s wells (Ge 21.25), and Abraham asks Abimelech to right the wrong. When Abimelech shows willingness to discuss the matter (Ge 21.26), Abraham decides to commit to the long-term relationship (Ge 21.27-32). They name the place Beer-sheba (“the well of the covenant,” Ge 21.31). The city still exists today.

And then, Moses tells us, Abraham settles in (Ge 21.28-29). He plants tamarisk tree there (Ge 21.33), indicating the abundance of water. And he worships, for the first time by this name, “the Everlasting God.” The God who keeps his promise after 25 years will keep this covenant forever.

What’s the significance of this event? Why does Moses tell us about it here, hot on the heels of Isaac’s birth?

This is ongoing development of the Abrahamic Covenant. God has given him the promised son, and now he demonstrates that he will bless him–in this case, with peace with this neighbor. And the well serves as a permanent tie to The Land.

Things are proceeding nicely. But a test is coming.

Part 12: Preservation | Part 13: Continuation

Photo by Mick Haupt on Unsplash

Abraham, Part 10: Certified in Gerar

September 21, 2026 by Dan Olinger Leave a Comment

God’s certification of Abraham continues in a second location: Gerar.

Now, this is a bit of a puzzle, because we could swear that we’ve read this story earlier. And indeed we have. Abraham–Abram–has earlier gone into Egypt, and he has put his wife at risk there in exactly the same way he does here, because of his fear. God will do more work on him.

Some have suggested that these two similar accounts imply an incompetent editor. But in fact there are significant differences between the two events, and there are logical reasons for Abraham to repeat the ruse.

Abraham is traveling toward Egypt, but he is not there; Gerar (Ge 20.1) is south of Gaza, at the southern extreme of Philistine territory but not yet in Sinai. The local king, Abimelech (“my father is king,” so probably a title rather than a name), “takes” Sarah as a wife (Ge 20.2). We should note that by this time Sarah is pregnant and 90 years old; I doubt that Abimelech’s motive was her beauty, as Pharaoh’s was earlier. This is not said to be a motive here.

Rather, he is following the common custom of the culture. Kings used marriages as alliances, and by now Abraham’s wealth and influence are impressive. This local king would see great benefit in an alliance. There is likely no sexual relationship intended; as we soon learn (Ge 20.4), there was none initiated.

Here God intervenes through a dream (Ge 20.3), explaining directly to Abimelech what the problem is. The Hebrew reads literally, “Behold! You dead!” Abimelech argues his innocence, and on good grounds: misrepresentation by both Abraham and Sarah (Ge 20.5). This Canaanite appears to show more interest in truth and justice than Abraham does.

But God does not condemn Abraham. Rather, he calls him a “prophet” (Ge 20.7)–this is the first use of this theologically significant word in the Scripture–and indicates that he values Abraham’s prayers, as Abimelech should as well.

This revelation came in a dream, in the middle of the night. Abimelech sets out to obey first thing in the morning, informing his staff of the problem (Ge 20.8) and then confronting Abraham (Ge 20.9). He expresses his outrage at the “prophet’s” insult; again he seems more interested in morality and justice than Abraham.

Abraham offers an excuse–weakly (Ge 20.12)–and indicates that this has been his standard policy while wandering (Ge 20.13). The Mosaic Law will eventually prohibit marriages between half-siblings (Le 18.9, 11).

Abimelech’s response is very different from Pharaoh’s–not that Pharaoh’s earlier response was unreasonable or undeserved. There Abraham was expelled (Ge 12.20); Abimelech lavishes gifts on him, adding significantly to his accumulating wealth (Ge 20.14), and then offers to let him dwell anywhere he would like in Gerar (Ge 20.15). He really seems to want an alliance with this man.

Then the king turns to Sarah (Ge 20.16). I can imagine his sarcasm here: “Look, I have given your–ahem–brother ….” This is a rebuke, and indication that these two had better not try this stunt again. And, as far as the record shows, they don’t. But Isaac will try the same thing here a generation later (Ge 26.6ff).

Lesson learned. But consequences not avoided.

As God had predicted, Abraham prays for Abimelech, and God answers his prayer (Ge 20.17).

Only now we learn that God had rendered Abimelech’s female household infertile (Ge 20.18). Apparently this episode had been going on for some time, perhaps months–long enough for the household to realize that there was a fertility problem.

It does make one wonder what Abraham was doing for all that time: twiddling his thumbs? whistling past the graveyard?

He’s not perfect–not by a long shot–and God is working to bring him to the point where he can be a wise father to the covenant son who is about to be born. The God who closes wombs can open them as well.

Lot offers his daughters to a pagan mob. Abraham offers his wife to a pagan king. Deliverance comes not from merit, but from grace (James E. Smith, OT Survey Series).

Part 11: Fulfillment | Part 12: Preservation | Part 13: Continuation

Photo by Mick Haupt on Unsplash

Abraham, Part 9: Certified at Sodom

September 17, 2026 by Dan Olinger Leave a Comment

Here the story turns to what we might call certification: through two events God grows Abraham–sanctifies him, as we would say in a New Testament context–into the kind of person who can be an effective patriarch. The first of these is the destruction of Sodom and its aftermath, the outcome of Lot’s world-focused life.

The two angelic messengers, we learn, have come to rescue Lot from the coming fiery judgment on Sodom. As they head toward the doomed city (Ge 18.16, 22), God records his thoughts about Abraham. He has potential, God says, though he has a ways to go yet (Ge 18.17-19). God graciously recognizes and sets out to remediate his faults.

He tells Abraham that he is “investigating” whether to destroy Sodom for its sin (Ge 18.20-21).

Does he need to do that? Of course not; he’s omniscient. But he is displaying longsuffering, and justice (cf Ge 18.25!), and fairness. To call him “the angry Old Testament God” is a simplification worthy of ridicule.

What follows is the notable scene in which Abraham bargains with God for the deliverance of Sodom–and the pace of the narrative slows even more. Abraham finally gets God to agree that if there are just ten righteous people in the city, it will be spared (Ge 18.32). Abraham probably thinks that will be enough; we eventually learn that Lot’s family includes his wife (Ge 19.15), two unmarried daughters (Ge 19.8), at least two sons (Ge 19.12), and at least two married daughters and their husbands (Ge 19.14). That’s ten, at a minimum; that’s enough.

But the sons-in-law and married daughters, we eventually learn, are not believers; they are not “righteous” (Ge 19.14). They thought Lot was joking; so apparently Lot hadn’t laid a proper foundation with them.

But we’re getting ahead of ourselves.

For now, the negotiation ends at ten righteous–which will not in fact be enough.

The scene shifts to Sodom. The two angelic messengers arrive and find Lot sitting “in the gate” (Ge 19.1), possibly indicating a leadership position in the city (city council?). Lot greets them with hospitality (Ge 19.2-3), but at bedtime the men of the city demonstrate their depravity. Some have suggested that their great sin, and the cause of Sodom’s destruction, was their inhospitality and not their sexual proclivities. That seems to me, frankly, to be grasping at straws; Ezekiel later condemns them for their pride, arrogance, and neglect of the poor (Ezk 16.49), but also for “abomination” (Ezk 16.50), a word used routinely for homosexuality (Lv 18.22ff; 20.13; Dt 23.18; 1K 14.24), among other sins–but the other sins are not mentioned in this context.

Lot offers the mob his two unmarried daughters.

Yikes.

Some have tried to soften this by suggesting that Lot is attempting of shock the mob into coming to their senses. Others have suggested that since at least two of his daughters were already married to men of Sodom, Lot believes that the mob will not accept his offer.

But the text doesn’t say any of this.

The angels blind the lustful mob (Ge 19.11) and instruct Lot to get his family out of the city (Ge 19.12-13). As we’ve noted, his married daughters and sons-in-law refuse to leave (Ge 19.14); eventually the angels forcefully push the uncooperative Lot, his wife, and his two unmarried daughters out of the city (Ge 19.16) and toward nearby Zoar (Ge 19.22-23) just before the destruction comes (Ge 19.24).

Famously, Lot’s wife looks back, probably with regret (Lk 17.31-32), and is turned into a pillar of salt, in either a natural consequence of the fiery precipitation or a direct act of God (Ge 19.26).

In the aftermath we learn that Lot’s unmarried daughters aren’t “righteous” either, pursuing their father’s unwilling (drunken) assistance in giving them offspring–Moab and Ammon, whose descendants will be longstanding enemies of Israel.

Ten righteous? More like none righteous.

But this, too, is an oversimplification. Peter tells us that Lot was “righteous” (2P 2.7-8)–but clearly too much of this world.

I’ve noted earlier that Lot is a foil for faithful, if imperfect, Abraham. Here at the end he is bereft of any apparent righteousness, despite his kind hospitality to the traveling angel-strangers. Expositor Warren Wiersbe contrasts the two men:

“Christ Himself visited Abraham, but only the angels went to Sodom to visit Lot. Christ had a message of joy for Abraham and Sarah, but the angels gave a message of judgment to Lot. Abraham was visited in the daytime but Lot in the evening. Abraham was at a tent door; Lot at the city gate. Abraham had power with God but Lot had no influence even with his own family. Abraham saw Sodom destroyed and lost nothing, but Lot lost everything. Only his life was spared. Abraham brought the world blessing, but Lot brought trouble into the world (the Ammonites and Moabites).”

There remains one more event in God’s sanctification of the patriarch–and a puzzling one indeed.

Part 10: Certified in Gerar | Part 11: Fulfillment | Part 12: Preservation | Part 13: Continuation

Photo by Mick Haupt on Unsplash